Parkinsons Disease Treatment
Parkinsons Disease is defined as a chronic, progressive disease of nervous system characterized by the cardinal features of
- Rigidity
- Akinesia
- Bradykinesia
- Tremor
- Postural instability
Parkinsons Disease Causes
- Parkinson’s disease (Primary parkinsonism): etiology is idiopathic.
Two distinct group are identified:
- One group include postural instability and gait disturbances
- Another group includes tremor as main features.
- Post infectious parkinsonism (secondary parkinsonism): influenza, encephalitis lethargica, crypotococcal meningitis and Jacob- Creutzfeldt disease.
- Toxic parkinsonism: exposure to certain chemicals (manganese, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, cynide, methanol).Most common toxins in manganese.
- Pharmacological parkinsonism: drugs that produce extra pyramidal dysfunction leads to PD:
- Neuroleptic drugs: chlorpromazine, haloperidol etc.
- Antidepressants drugs: amitriptyline, amoxpine
- antihypertensive: methyldopa
- Metabolic: includes disorders of calcium metabolism, that results in calcification of BG. Others include hypoparathyroid, hypothyroidism and Wilson’s disease.
- Akinetic/rigid syndrome with parkinsonian features: includes striatonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, SHY-Drager syndrome etc.
Parkinsons Disease Clinical Features
Cardinal manifestations of Parkinson’s
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Tremor |
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Rigidity |
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Bradykinesia |
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Postural instability |
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Secondary manifestations of parkinson’s disease
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Incoordination |
Edema |
Micrographia |
Scoliosis |
Blurred vision |
Kyphosis |
Impaired upgaze |
Pain and sensory symptoms |
Blepharospasm |
Seborrhea |
Glabellar reflex |
Constipation |
Dysarthria |
Urinary urgency, hesitancy,and frequency |
Dysphagia reflex |
Loss of libido |
Sialorrhea |
Impotence |
Masked face |
Freezing |
Hand and foot deformities |
Dementia |
Dystonia |
Depression |
Parkinsons Disease Physiotherapy Measures
- Ability to Perform self care and home management is improved.
- Disability associated with PD is reduced
- Risk of secondary impairment is reduced
- Joint integrity and mobility is maintained
- Postural control and motor function is improved
- Pain decreased
- Gait, locomotion and balance improved
- Strength, power and endurance are increased.